Month: July 2026

Artificial intelligence is entering a general diffusion phase. After mainly automated industrial operations and specialized calculations, it is now able to produce text, code, images, synthesises, recommendations and analyses. It thus penetrates the heart of many intellectual professions: law, finance, health, education, computer science, marketing, media, administration and engineering.

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social violence does not always make any noise. It does not overturn governments. It does not necessarily provoke demonstrations. She doesn't always leave written traces. It slides into salons, offices, office cars, bourgeois houses, administrations, businesses, ceremonies, schools — and in the ordinary relations between those who have and those who do not.

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Elections can be held, ballots can be printed, transparent ballot boxes can be installed, observers can be called, results can be proclaimed and democracy can be spoken of. But one question remains: what is the real value of voting when the citizen who exercises it depends materially on the person whom he must judge?

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They are societies where one first respects the rule, then the one who incarnates. There are others where man is first respected, then only the rules he agrees to let exist. In much of contemporary Africa, the relationship to power is still trapped in this second logic. The head precedes the institution. The person absorbs the function. Authority is confused with rank.

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